2. How to backup and restore a partition image?
3. How to backup my current settings in linux?
4. Error: command not found?
5. How to remove duplicate rpm packages?
6. How to install flash player in linux?
7. How to write a disk image to floppy?
8. How to install softwares in linux?
9. Linux update and package managers.
10. Why I have the internet connection but can't open the websites?
11. How to install the java runtime enviroment in linux?
12. How to restore the mbr?
13. How to mount new partitions in linux?
13b. How to play mp3 files in linux?
14. How i can get read and write access to ntfs file system from linux?
15. How is the partitions nomenclature in linux?
16. How is the partitions nomenclature in grub?
17. How to access linux partitions from windows?
18. Why i get the error permission denied?
19. How to install the qtparted disk manager?
20. How to install real player in linux?
21. How to create local yum repositories?
22. How to use smart package manager?
23. Why there is no sound in my linux system?
24. How to download a torrent file?
25. How to change wallpapers automatically in gnome desktop?
26. How to use my winmodem in linux?
27. How to configure wvdial for isp?
28. How to configure yum?
29. Error gpgkey not found or not match?
30. How to exclude packages from yum update?
1. How to configure apt for linux?
Apt is a update manager for linux distros. Apt is included in some distros, if not downlaod and install the apt from the related distro servers.
Add the repositories to the /etc/apt/sources.list. here is a example of sources.list for fedora, for more help in the terminal type:
man sources.list
To get the metadata from repos run the command:
apt-get update
This will refresh and get the new packages information, then run:
apt-get install package_name
apt-get upgrade
For help read the apt-get manual.
Top 2. How to backup and restore a linux partition?
To backup and restore the linux partitions, download the the latest source or binary package of partimage from http://www.partimage.org/Download, with this application the partition can be save to image file and then restore but original and restore partitions should be in the same size.
Top 3. How to back my current settings in linux?
The users personal settings are stored in the /home/user directory and the linux system configuraion files are stored in the /etc, the nervous system of the linux, backup these two to keep the system current configurations.
Top 4. Error: command not found?
Will the system didn't find the aplication, this means the path to the aplication is not correct or the program is not in the path or the program is not installed at all, first check if the program is instlled or not run the command:
whereis aplication_name or
which aplication_name
then run the aplication with the full path to it or export the path with this command:
export PATH=$PATH:/path/to/the/program
As well add the paths to ~/.bash_profle (/home/user_name/.bash_profile), add these lines to your .bash_profile:
PATH=$PATH:$HOME/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin:/sbin/:/usr/sbin/:/usr/local/sbin/:/bin:/sbin
Top 5. How to remove installed duplicate rpm packages?
To remove the duplicate rpm packages from the system download the listrpmdupes, and make it executable with: chmod a+x listrpmdupes
Then run the program with:
./listrpmdupes
This will list all duplicate packages, with the new versions in the column, and the old versions in the rows in the bottom, when you are satisfy with the result, remove the old versions with the command:
rpm -e old_versions
Top 6. How to install flash player in linux?
Download flash player from http://www.macromedia.com, decompress the file with tar -zxvf install_flash_player_7_linux.tar.gz, open the direcotry and run the command:
./flashplayer-installer
Or simply copy the libflashplayer.so to /usr/lib/firefox../plugins and /usr/lib/mozilla../plugins.
Top 7. How to write a disk image to floppy?
To write the image to a floppy in linux, run the dd command, in runing linux system or in a live linux cd, open the image directory and put a formatted floppy in the floppy drive, and type:
dd if=Iamge_file of=/dev/fd0
In windows download the rawrite.exe, run in dos and follow the on screen instructions, or for windows xp download rawwritewin.exe, it is a nice graphical program for writting disk images to a floppy.
Top 8. How to install softwares in linux?
Linux has source as well binary packages, binaries are precompiled packages for a specefic linux distro the suffix are .rpm for rpm distros and .deb for debian distros, to install them use the each distro update manager read faq 9. Source are archived and compressed packages like package_name.tar.gz or package_name.tar.bz2 or package_name.zip and etc, to install decopress and read the INSTALL file from the package directory, or most of them can be installed with these steps one after another:
./configure --prefix=/usr
make
make install This will install the program in the /usr/bin, to run the program see the start menu or in a terminal type the name of installed program and press enter.
Top 9. Linux update and package managers?
Linux has may online as well from hard disk installation and upgrade managers,with update managers like apt-get, smart and yum, read the faq 28 for yum, faq 1 for apt and faq 22 for smart. Top 10. why i have the internet connection but can't open the websites?
If internet is connected but can't open the websites, first check the firewall sittings, if that is ok then enable the named (caching-nameserver) from service.
Top 11. How to install the java runtime enviroment in linux?
To run the java applications in linux download the J2SE runtime enviroment (jre) Linux self-extarcting file from http://www.sun.com/j2se, make the file executable with:
chmod a+x jre-1_5_0_05-linux-i586.bin
install the file with ./jre-1_5_0_05-linux-i586.bin, open the web browser plugins directory which is in the /usr/lib, make a link to the jre plugin module with:
ln -s /path/to/jre1.5.0_05/plugin/i386/ns7/libjavaplugin_oji.so ./
Top 12. How to restore the mbr?
Make the first boot device the cdrom put any bootable cd of windows or use the windows startup disk, to get the A:> prompt, then type:
fdisk/mbr
this will restore the mbr.
Top 13. How to mount new partitions in linux?
Make a directory for mount point for example windows in /mnt:
mkdir /mnt/windows
For example mount the D drive with fat32 file system in /mnt/windows:
mount -t vfat /dev/hda5 /mnt/windows
For automount, add the partition to the /etc/fstab, open the /etc/fstab in an editor for example in gedit with gedit /etc/fstab, and add this line:
/dev/hda5 /mnt/windows vfat defaults 1 2
Top 13b. How to play mp3 files in linux?
Linux has many mp3 players like xmms and snackmp, in some linux distros mp3 plguins is not included in xmms, to play mp3 with xmms, install the xmms-mp3 plugin with any update manager like:
yum install xmms xmms-libs xmms-mp3
apt-get install xmms xmms-libs xmms-mp3
For other linux players to play mp3, install the gstreamer-plugins-ugly and gstreamer-plugins-ugly-devel with update manager:
yum install gstreamer-plugins-ugly gstreamer-plugins-ugly-devel
Top 14. How i can get read and write access to ntfs files system from linux?
Most linux kernels are compiled with module for read and write access to the ntfs file system, enable the module if not install the kenel ntfs module with the update managers or download and install it manually
For users to acces to the ntfs partition add this line to /etc/fstab or read the installed docs how to add to fstab:
/dev/hdax /mnt/ntfs ntfs users,rw,umask=0 0 0 0 0
make ntfs directory in the /mnt and replace the hdax for the present partition number.
Top 15. How is the partitions nomenclature in linux?
In linux system all devices are organized in directories under the /, the hard disks and there paritions are in the /dev directory, to access a parition in linux, we should mount the parition in a directory this is called the partition mount point, for example D dirve is mounted under /mnt/windows read faq 13. Linux use small alphabets a,b,c,d for the devices attached to the data cables, starting from the primary master like this:
primary master is /dev/hda or /dev/sda
primary slave is /dev/hdb or /dev/sdb
secondary master is /dev/hdc or /dev/sdc
secondary slave is /dev/hdd or /dev/sdd
The hard disk attached to any point well get that same name like /dev/hda.
Partitions names are numbers starting form 1, the first 4 numbers 1,2,3,4 are for the primary partitions even if they didn't exist, /dev/hda4 is for the extended partition and the logical partitions start from 5,6 and so on, for example if there is just one primary partition C, this is /dev/hda1, the 2 more numbers will be escaped, exteneded partition is /dev/hda4, and first logical partition D is /dev/hda5, each hard disk has it's own partition numbers starting from 1, to see partitions in linux terminal type df.
Top 16. How is the partitions nomenclature in grub?
Grub has the same nomenclature as linux read first faq 15, deferences are grub only using numbers for hard disks and paritions names starting from the 0 (zero), the hard disk and partitions numbers are separated from each other with a comma inside the brackets, the other important deference is, the first hard disk in hard disks boot options in the bios, is the frist hard disk or 0 as well in the grub, even if it is attached to the other point then primary master, and the second one is 1, it means when the boot order of hard disk is changed in the bios one must change hard disk numbers in the grub.conf other wise cannot start the linux.
Some exmaples: (hd0,0) means the first partition of the first hard disk and (hd1,4) the first logical partition of the second hard disk.
Top 17. How to access linux partitions from windows?
Download the Ext2IFS and install in windows, this will create an icon of Ext2IFS driver in the control panel, open the driver and assign a letter to each linux partition you want to access, the linux partition then will be accessable from my computer, to hid the partition back just remove the assigned letter from the Ext2IFS driver.
Top 18. why i get the error permission denied?
When get this error, first you are not authorized to run this program, solution is to get the permission from admin or root or run the program as root, second the program or file is not executable itself, to make it executable run this command:
chmod a+x program_name
Top 19. How to install the qtparted disk manager?
Downlaod the latest soruce tar.bz2 of qparted, qparted need unsermake for it's installation, for download in the terminal type:
svn co -N svn://anonsvn.kde.org/home/kde/trunk/kdenonbeta/unsermake
open the /usr/bin and make a link to unsermake:
ln -s /path/to/unsermake/unsermake ./
Decompress the qtparted with tar -jxvf qtparted-0.4.5.tar.bz2, open the directory and configure it with ./configure --prefix=/usr/, when configure was sucessfull, do:
unsermake all
This compiling the qtparted , when compliling process successfully finished, as root install the qparted with:
unsermake install
To run qtparted in a terminal as root type qtparted, if get the error command not found, open the /usr/bin and make a link to qtparted with:
ln -s /path/to/qtparted-0.4.5/src/qtparted ./
Top 20. How to install real player?
Real player is compiled as binary for linux distributions use the update manager for installation or download and instal the source from http://www.real.com/linux.
Top 21. How to create local yum repositories?
Make repo directories in the any partition for example /opt with:
mkdir -p fedora/os/i386/
mkdir -p fedora/updates/i386
Copy the os rpm packages from the cd's to the fedora/os/i386, open the fedora/os and run the command:
createrepo i386/
This well create the repodata directory with needed header files, copy the update rpm packages to the fedora/updates/i386, open the fedora/updates and run the commmand:
createrepo i386/
To add these repos to yum, creat two files fedora.repo and updates.repo as shown below and put them in the /etc/yum.repos.d:
Copy these lines to fedora.repo:
[fedora]
name=Fedora $releasever - $basearch
baseurl=file:///opt/fedora/os/$basearch
enabled=1
Copy these lines to updates.repo:
[updates]
name=Updates $releasever - $basearch
baseurl=baseurl=file:///opt/fedora/updates/$basearch
enabled=1
With rsync can synchronize the local updates with the remote updates directory in the fedora mirror, read rsync manual for details.
Top 22. How to use smart package manager?
Smart Package Manager project has the ambitious objective of creating smart and portable algorithms for solving adequately the problem of managing software upgrading and installation. This tool works in all major distributions, and will bring notable advantages over native tools currently in use (APT, APT-RPM, YUM, URPMI, etc).
Smart can add and use the packages from online repositories of yum, apt and other urls,from your local path (hard disk) and from removable media like cdrom. you can use the smart to install the packages from your local hard disk, smart will check the dependencies and will automatically downaload them from online repositories. smart has the powerfull ability to check and correct the broken dependencies, while installing or upgrading packages , will manange the dependencies and like other package managers it will never complain for missing and broken dependencies. smart has command line, nice graphical and shell interfaces, to install the smart download the latest smart source, decompress the source, open the source directory and run the setup.py as:
./setup.py build
Then as root run the setup.py for installation:
./setup.py install
To run the smart in the graphical interface, in the terminal as root type:
smart --gui
To read the help for command line use in a terminal type smart --help.
One can add the local rpm direcotry or yum and apt repos to the smart, to add the repos in the smart gui, click on edit, then on channels, select the new, select the Provide Channel Informations, then select the APT-RPM Repository,write a name and alias for the repository and write the base url from the apt sources.list from the http://..., in the Base URL column, write the components like updates freshrpms with space separated to the Components Column,leave the other fields as they are, or as you wish, for exmaple:
write the http://ayo.freshrpms.net fedora/linux/7/i386 to the Base URL and write the core updates extras freshrpms to the Components.
To add yum repositories select the RPM MetaDat add the repositories from yum.conf from the http://......., for more details and smart faqs go to the smart website http://www.smartpm.org.
Top 23. Why there is no sound in my linux system?
First check if the sound card is detected by the linux system, in the terminal type:
/sbin/lspci
If the sound card is not detected, then install the linux driver for the sound card, visit the sound card website, or install the alsa driver a linux sound driver that may work.
If the sound card is listed check the volume control if it is not mute, if volum control is not mute, then in a terminal run the command:
/sbin/MAKEDEV -d /etc/udev/devices/ sound
Once get the sound run the command:
/usr/sbin/alsactl store
To configure the sound card run the /sbin/alsaconf with:
alsaconf
Or run the alsamixer and kmix way to end, Make sure that extrernal amplifier is not set to Mute, If so, hit M and that should put it at 00.
Sometimes for the changes to take effect need to reboot the system. if again find the system muted after reboot, add this line to the /etc/rc.d/rc.local:
/usr/sbin/alsactl restore
Top 24. How to download a torrent file?
Use the bittorent to download a torrent file, bittorent can be installed with update manager or from the sources, download the latest Bittorrent source from here, decompress the source with tar -zxvf file_name, open the directory and install the BitTorrent by runing:
python setup.py install
This will install the binaries to /usr/bin/, now can start the bittorrent from start menu or by typing bittorent in the terminal.
Bittorrent-console is a text client, to use the bittorrent-console for download run with:
bittorrent-console url_to_torrent_file
For any related problem read the faqs.
Top 25. How to change wallpapers automatically in gnome desktop?
Downlaod the change-background-py, make it execuable, with:
chmod 0777 change-background-py
Copy the script to the /usr/bin, make a directory .backgrounds (dot backgruonds) in the home directory, copy the wallpapers to this directory, or make a symlink to the walpapers dicrectory with:
ln -s /path/to/images_directory ./.backgrounds
run the the script with:
/usb/bin/change-background-py &
to change the wallpapers every five minutes add this job to the crontab, as user in the terminal type crontab -e, add this line to it:
0,5,10,15,20,25,30,35,40,45,50,55 * * * * /usr/bin/change-background-py
hit the escape key, then save and exit with the command:
:wq
Top 26. How to configure winmodem for linux?
If kdenetwork is installed, from the Applications menu open the internet then kppp, click on configure, in configuration window click on new, in the modem tab click query modem, see if your modem is detected by linux, if reponse is modem not found or modem is busy, modem need a linux driver, download the driver from the modem official website or visit the http://linmodems.org or search the google.com, for lucent, Rockwell and conexant modems visit linuxant.com.
Top 27. How to configure wvdial for linux?
wvdial is a text dialer, by default it is installed in most of linux distros,to configure the wvdial, open the /etc, you must be root to do these, then run the command:
/usr/bin/wvdialconf wvdial.conf
this will create the /etc/wvdial.conf, open this file in a text editor and write the phone number, user and password for your isp like this:
Phone = 13842392
Username = ctwks25q
Password = y72x8y2
save and exit, type wvdial in a termainal to connect, if there is error "NO CRREIR", open the /etc/wvdial.conf and add this line just above the Phone:
Stupid Mode = 1
if still get the error, open and put your user name and password in /etc/ppp/pap-secrets like this:
# client server secret IP addresses
user_name * pass_word
if again that error add this line bellow Init2:
Init3 = ATQ0 V1 E1 S0=0 &F0 &C1 &D2 +FCLASS=0
To free the shell and run the wvdial in the backgruond start with wvdial &, after connection enter will free the shell.
Top 28. How to configure yum?
Yum (yellow dog update manager) is the defualt update manager for redhat, fedora, yellow doag, add yum repos to the /etc/yum.repos.d directory or /etc/yum.conf file, better add to the /etc/yum.repos.d, to add make a file repos_name.repo for each repositroy, here is an example of .repo file.then run the yum:
yum install package_name
yum update.
Repos can be enabale or desable from the repositories in the /etc/yum.repos.d by changing the enabled=1 or enabled=0.
Top 29. Error gpg key not found or not match?
When you run the update managers like yum or apt-get they get the gpgkeys for repositories, when they don't, the update manager will show this error, to solve the problem manually download and install the gpg key for that repo with:
dpkg -ivh your_gpg_key.deb rpm -ivh your_gpg_key.rpm Or disable the gpgchek in the update manager with making 0 or adding a hush. Top 30. how to exclude packages from update managers?
One can exclude packages from updating in update manager read the update managermanua for details, to exclude from yum open the /etc/yum.conf add the packages like:
exclude=kernel,kernel-devel
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